Pembatalan kesalahan probabilistik dengan model noise logis

Estimasi penggunaan: 28 menit pada prosesor Heron r3 (CATATAN: Ini hanya perkiraan. Runtime Anda mungkin bervariasi.)

In this tutorial we will evaluate observables of a 22-site Ising model on a hexagonal lattice using a Heron QPU, which has a heavy-hexagonal qubit topology. Many demonstrations on Heron QPUs focus on systems defined on heavy-hexagonal lattices to match the system's connectivity; however, hexagonal models tend to be more interesting to study as they appear more commonly in nature and are more difficult to simulate classically due to their denser connectivity. Since the qubit topology of the QPU cannot directly support the connectivity of a hexagonal lattice, we must decide how to efficiently embed the hexagonal model onto the qubit topology. In this example we represent each site in the Ising model with a qubit lying on a vertex of the heavy-hex QPU lattice. We use the qubits on the edges (mediator qubits) to facilitate entanglement between the Ising qubits on the vertices. Additionally, the mediator qubits implement entanglement in such a way that they are always expected to return to the ground state $|0\rangle$. If a mediator qubit measures $|1\rangle$, it indicates that a logical error occurred during circuit execution; postselecting only samples with no detected errors on the mediator qubits yields a smaller distribution of logical samples that might have a higher fidelity than the raw, noisy distribution. Not only can we detect that an error occurred by measuring a mediator qubit, we can also determine exactly which logical errors that qubit is capable of detecting throughout the circuit. Removing the noise generators the mediator qubits' symmetry checks are capable of detecting from a noise model leaves a reduced noise model, which can be mitigated using techniques such as probabilistic error cancellation (PEC).

Dalam contoh notebook ini, kita akan menggabungkan teknik deteksi kesalahan yang dijelaskan di atas dengan PEC untuk mengatasi noise kuantum secara lebih efektif dibandingkan jika masing-masing teknik digunakan sendiri. Kita akan menggunakan 49 qubit untuk menyematkan model Ising 22-qubit dan menggunakan 27 qubit mediator tambahan untuk deteksi kesalahan. Kita akan menjalankan PEC pada kanal noise yang telah dipostseleksi untuk memitigasi noise yang lolos dari pemeriksaan simetri. Selain menggabungkan deteksi kesalahan dengan PEC, kita akan menggunakan teknik seperti mitigasi kesalahan readout TREX dan pemeriksaan kesalahan non-Markovian untuk lebih jauh melawan efek noise kuantum.

Alur kerjanya adalah sebagai berikut:

1. Simulasikan secara klasik nilai ekspektasi observable untuk model hex-Ising 22-qubit
2. Implementasikan model hex-Ising pendeteksi-kesalahan 49-qubit dengan circuit kuantum dan transpilasi ke backend QPU
3. Tentukan lapisan entangling dalam circuit dengan samplomatic. Kita akan mempelajari dan memitigasi noise yang memengaruhi lapisan entangling ini.
4. Tambahkan pemeriksaan kesalahan non-Markovian ke circuit
5. Pelajari noise gate dan readout yang memengaruhi circuit
6. Pangkas model noise dari suku-suku yang terdeteksi oleh pemeriksaan simetri
7. Sampel circuit pendeteksi-kesalahan. Postseleksi hanya sampel yang lolos semua pemeriksaan simetri dan non-Markovian, dan gunakan mitigasi readout TREX untuk semua perhitungan nilai ekspektasi
   • Sampel circuit pendeteksi-kesalahan
   • Sampel circuit pendeteksi-kesalahan dengan PEC, tetapi jangan postseleksi berdasarkan pemeriksaan simetri dan mitigasi seluruh kanal noise yang dipelajari.
   • Sampel circuit pendeteksi-kesalahan dengan PEC. Postseleksi berdasarkan pemeriksaan simetri dan hanya mitigasi noise yang tidak terdeteksi oleh pemeriksaan.
8. Hitung nilai ekspektasi dan bandingkan strategi. Amati bahwa QED+PEC lebih efektif membatalkan noise yang memengaruhi eksperimen dibandingkan salah satu metode saja dan menghasilkan nilai ekspektasi yang konvergen menggunakan shot yang jauh lebih sedikit daripada yang diperlukan oleh PEC saja.

Persyaratan

Sebelum memulai tutorial ini, jalankan perintah berikut untuk mendapatkan semua paket yang diperlukan:

%pip install networkx numpy "qiskit[visualization]" "qiskit-ibm-runtime[visualization]" samplomatic qiskit-mitigation matplotlib "qiskit-noise-learning @ git+https://github.com/Qiskit/qiskit-noise-learning.git@ieee-demo-2026" Sel yang diciutkan di bawah ini mendefinisikan helper figure yang digunakan di seluruh notebook ini.

Klik untuk melihat helper figure

# Added by doQumentation — installs the packages this notebook needs if they are missing
import importlib.util

_needed = {"matplotlib": "matplotlib", "networkx": "networkx", "numpy": "numpy", "qiskit": "qiskit", "qiskit_ibm_runtime": "qiskit-ibm-runtime", "qiskit_mitigation": "qiskit-mitigation", "qiskit_noise_learning": "qiskit-noise-learning@git+https://github.com/Qiskit/qiskit-noise-learning.git@ieee-demo-2026", "samplomatic": "samplomatic"}
_missing = [pip for module, pip in _needed.items()
            if importlib.util.find_spec(module) is None]
# One at a time, so a package that fails to install does not block the others
for _pip in _missing:
    %pip install -q {_pip}
if not _missing:
    print("\u2713 All required packages are installed")

# Figure helpers for this notebook (collapsed): all plotting and styling lives here.
# The chip maps follow the style of Fig. 30 of arXiv:2607.25998.

from math import comb

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import cm
from matplotlib.colors import BoundaryNorm
from matplotlib.patches import Circle, Rectangle, Wedge

# one typography scheme for every figure in the notebook
plt.rcParams.update(
    {
        "font.size": 13,
        "axes.titlesize": 15,
        "axes.labelsize": 13,
        "xtick.labelsize": 11,
        "ytick.labelsize": 11,
        "legend.fontsize": 11,
    }
)

def x_labels(layout, n_data):
    """Per-observable tick labels carrying the physical qubit indices (site i = qubit i)."""
    return [f"$X_{{{layout[i]}}}$" for i in range(n_data)]

def plot_layout(backend, layout, n_data):
    """Chip cartoon of the embedding: data qubits green, check qubits orange."""
    from qiskit.visualization import plot_coupling_map

    return plot_coupling_map(
        num_qubits=backend.num_qubits,
        qubit_coordinates=None,
        coupling_map=list(backend.coupling_map.get_edges()),
        figsize=(9, 9),
        qubit_color=[
            "#4CAF50"
            if q in layout[:n_data]
            else "#FF9800"
            if q in layout[n_data:]
            else "#DDDDDD"
            for q in range(backend.num_qubits)
        ],
        qubit_size=220,
        line_width=2,
        font_size=90,
    )

def plot_exact(obs_exact, tick_labels, title):
    plt.figure(figsize=(12, 4))
    plt.plot(obs_exact, "o-")
    plt.title(title)
    plt.xticks(np.arange(len(obs_exact)), tick_labels)
    plt.xlabel("Observable")
    plt.ylabel(r"$\langle X \rangle$")
    plt.grid()

def draw_toy_circuit(
    generate_ed_ising, zz_coeff, x_coeff, include_checks=True
):
    """The boxing pipeline on a 3-plaquette-ring miniature (1 Trotter step) so the box
    structure is legible; every box carries the Twirl / InjectNoise annotations, and with
    ``include_checks`` the terminal xslow non-Markovian error check pattern is appended as in the
    production pipeline."""
    import networkx as nx
    from qiskit.circuit import ClassicalRegister
    from qiskit_mitigation.postselection import XSlowGate
    from samplomatic.transpiler import generate_boxing_pass_manager

    toy, _, _ = generate_ed_ising(nx.cycle_graph(3), 1, zz_coeff, x_coeff)
    toy.add_register(
        ClassicalRegister(3, "data"), ClassicalRegister(3, "check")
    )
    toy.barrier()
    toy.measure(range(3), range(3))
    toy.measure(range(3, 6), range(3, 6))
    toy_boxed = generate_boxing_pass_manager(
        enable_gates=True,
        enable_measures=True,
        inject_noise_targets="gates",
        inject_noise_strategy="individual_modification",
        inject_noise_site="after",
        twirling_strategy="active_circuit",
        measure_annotations="all",
    ).run(toy)
    if include_checks:
        toy_boxed.add_register(
            ClassicalRegister(3, "data_ps"), ClassicalRegister(3, "check_ps")
        )
        toy_boxed.barrier()
        for qb in range(6):
            toy_boxed.append(XSlowGate(), [qb])
        toy_boxed.measure(range(3), toy_boxed.cregs[2])
        toy_boxed.measure(range(3, 6), toy_boxed.cregs[3])
    return toy_boxed.draw("mpl", fold=-1, scale=0.6)

# --- chip-level noise maps ---------------------------------------------------------

BANDS = [1e-5, 2e-5, 3e-5, 4e-5, 6e-5, 1e-4, 2e-4, 3e-4, 4e-4, 6e-4, 1e-3]
CMAP = plt.get_cmap("YlOrBr")
NORM = BoundaryNorm(BANDS, CMAP.N, extend="both")

def _color(rate):
    return (
        "white"
        if rate < BANDS[0]
        else CMAP(NORM(min(rate, BANDS[-1] * 0.999)))
    )

def _layer_sparse(mit, weights):
    """Per-layer labelled terms from the saved run, box-local -> physical qubits."""
    phys = np.sort(mit["layout"])
    return [
        [
            (p, tuple(int(phys[q]) for q in qs if q >= 0), r)
            for p, qs, r in zip(
                mit[f"label_paulis_{i}"],
                mit[f"label_qubits_{i}"],
                w,
                strict=True,
            )
        ]
        for i, w in enumerate(weights)
    ]

def _aggregate(layers):
    """w1[qubit][P] and w2[(a,b)][PaPb]: rates summed over the 3 layers."""
    w1, w2 = {}, {}
    for terms in layers:
        for p, qs, r in terms:
            if len(qs) == 1:
                w1.setdefault(qs[0], dict.fromkeys("XYZ", 0.0))[p] += r
            else:
                (a, pa), (b, pb) = sorted(zip(qs, p, strict=True))
                w2.setdefault(
                    (a, b), {x + y: 0.0 for x in "XYZ" for y in "XYZ"}
                )[pa + pb] += r
    return w1, w2

def draw_noise_map(mit, backend, reduced=False):
    """Chip map of the learned model: X/Y/Z wheel per qubit, 3x3 two-qubit Pauli grid per
    coupler, log-banded colors, dashed outlines for unused hardware.

    With ``reduced=True``, keeps only the error terms the checks cannot see: detectability
    depends on circuit position, so each layer's 0/1 site scales are averaged over its uses.
    """
    from qiskit_ibm_runtime.visualization.embeddings import Embedding

    if reduced:
        scales = [
            mit["site_scales"][mit["site_layer"] == i].mean(axis=0)
            for i in range(3)
        ]
        weights = [mit[f"rates_{i}"] * scales[i] for i in range(3)]
        title = f"Reduced noise model ($\\gamma$ = {mit['gammas'][1]:.1f})"
    else:
        weights = [mit[f"rates_{i}"] for i in range(3)]
        title = f"Full noise model ($\\gamma$ = {mit['gammas'][0]:.0f})"
    w1, w2 = _aggregate(_layer_sparse(mit, weights))

    xy = np.array(
        [(c, -r) for r, c in Embedding.from_backend(backend).coordinates]
    )
    fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(13, 7))
    for a, b in {tuple(sorted(e)) for e in backend.coupling_map.get_edges()}:
        if (
            (
                a,
                b,
            )
            in w2
        ):  # 3x3 Pauli grid laid along the bond (columns: qubit a, rows: qubit b)
            d = xy[b] - xy[a]
            u = d / np.hypot(*d)
            v = np.array([-u[1], u[0]])
            cl, cw = (np.hypot(*d) - 0.6) / 3, 0.17
            for i, Pa in enumerate("XYZ"):
                for j, Pb in enumerate("XYZ"):
                    ax.add_patch(
                        Rectangle(
                            xy[a] + u * (0.3 + i * cl) + v * ((j - 1.5) * cw),
                            cl,
                            cw,
                            angle=np.degrees(np.arctan2(u[1], u[0])),
                            facecolor=_color(w2[a, b][Pa + Pb]),
                            edgecolor="black",
                            lw=0.4,
                            zorder=2,
                        )
                    )
        else:
            ax.plot(
                *zip(xy[a], xy[b], strict=True),
                ls="--",
                lw=0.7,
                color="black",
                alpha=0.5,
                zorder=1,
            )
    for q, (xq, yq) in enumerate(xy):
        if q in w1:  # three-sector wheel: X top, Y lower left, Z lower right
            for P, t0 in (("X", 30), ("Y", 150), ("Z", 270)):
                ax.add_patch(
                    Wedge(
                        (xq, yq),
                        0.3,
                        t0,
                        t0 + 120,
                        facecolor=_color(w1[q][P]),
                        edgecolor="black",
                        lw=0.6,
                        zorder=3,
                    )
                )
            ax.annotate(
                str(q),
                (xq + 0.39, yq - 0.39),
                fontsize=9,
                color="gray",
                ha="left",
                va="top",
                zorder=4,
            )  # southeast, clear of the bond grids
        else:
            ax.add_patch(
                Circle(
                    (xq, yq),
                    0.24,
                    facecolor="none",
                    edgecolor="black",
                    ls="--",
                    lw=0.7,
                    alpha=0.5,
                    zorder=3,
                )
            )
    ux = xy[sorted(w1)]
    ax.set_xlim(ux[:, 0].min() - 2.2, ux[:, 0].max() + 2.2)
    ax.set_ylim(ux[:, 1].min() - 1.6, ux[:, 1].max() + 1.6)
    ax.set_aspect("equal")
    ax.axis("off")
    ax.set_title(title, fontsize=15)
    cb = fig.colorbar(
        cm.ScalarMappable(norm=NORM, cmap=CMAP),
        ax=ax,
        fraction=0.035,
        pad=0.02,
        extend="both",
        ticks=BANDS,
    )
    cb.set_label("coefficient (log bands; white < 1e-05)", fontsize=11)
    cb.ax.set_yticklabels(
        [f"{b:.0e}".replace("e-0", "e-") for b in BANDS], fontsize=10
    )
    _noise_map_legends(fig, ax)

def _noise_map_legends(fig, ax):
    """Weight-1 wheel and weight-2 grid keys, in a reserved band left of the lattice."""
    fig.subplots_adjust(left=0.17)
    axl = ax.inset_axes([-0.185, 0.70, 0.13, 0.24])
    for P, t0 in (("X", 30), ("Y", 150), ("Z", 270)):
        axl.add_patch(
            Wedge(
                (0.5, 0.45),
                0.38,
                t0,
                t0 + 120,
                facecolor="white",
                edgecolor="black",
                lw=0.8,
            )
        )
        axl.annotate(
            P,
            (
                0.5 + 0.2 * np.cos(np.radians(t0 + 60)),
                0.45 + 0.2 * np.sin(np.radians(t0 + 60)),
            ),
            ha="center",
            va="center",
            fontsize=9,
        )
    axl.set_title("weight-1", fontsize=10)
    axl.set_xlim(0, 1)
    axl.set_ylim(0, 1)
    axl.set_aspect("equal")
    axl.axis("off")
    axm = ax.inset_axes([-0.185, 0.32, 0.14, 0.30])
    for i, Pa in enumerate("XYZ"):
        for j, Pb in enumerate("XYZ"):
            axm.add_patch(
                Rectangle(
                    (i / 3, 1 - (j + 1) / 3),
                    1 / 3,
                    1 / 3,
                    facecolor="white",
                    edgecolor="black",
                    lw=0.6,
                )
            )
            axm.annotate(
                Pa + Pb,
                ((i + 0.5) / 3, 1 - (j + 0.5) / 3),
                ha="center",
                va="center",
                fontsize=7.5,
            )
        axm.annotate(Pa, ((i + 0.5) / 3, 1.08), ha="center", fontsize=8.5)
        axm.annotate(
            "XYZ"[i],
            (-0.13, 1 - (i + 0.5) / 3),
            ha="center",
            va="center",
            fontsize=8.5,
        )
    axm.annotate("qubit a", (0.5, 1.27), ha="center", fontsize=9)
    axm.annotate(
        "qubit b", (-0.33, 0.5), rotation=90, va="center", fontsize=9
    )
    axm.set_xlim(-0.35, 1.05)
    axm.set_ylim(-0.05, 1.35)
    axm.set_aspect("equal")
    axm.axis("off")

# --- run diagnostics ---------------------------------------------------------------

def plot_trex(trex_rescale, tick_labels):
    _fig, axt = plt.subplots(figsize=(12, 3))
    axt.stem(np.arange(len(trex_rescale)), (trex_rescale - 1) * 100)
    axt.set_xticks(np.arange(len(trex_rescale)), tick_labels)
    axt.set_xlabel("Observable")
    axt.set_ylabel("Readout correction (%)")
    axt.set_title("TREX rescale factors")
    plt.tight_layout()

def plot_postselection(mit):
    """Accepted shots per PEC randomization against a single binomial at the mean
    acceptance rate: agreement means acceptance is independent of the sampled circuit
    instance, the condition under which pooling accepted shots across randomizations
    is a consistent estimator."""
    _fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(7.5, 3.8))
    counts = mit["acc_counts_post"]
    K, p = 64, counts.mean() / 64
    ks = np.arange(K + 1)
    pmf = np.array([comb(K, k) * p**k * (1 - p) ** (K - k) for k in ks])
    ax.hist(
        counts,
        bins=np.arange(-0.5, K + 1.5),
        density=True,
        alpha=0.6,
        color="#da1e28",
        label="measured",
    )
    ax.plot(ks, pmf, "k-", lw=1.5, label=f"Binomial(64, {p:.3f})")
    ax.set_xlim(-0.5, max(int(counts.max()) + 3, 20))
    ax.set_xlabel("Accepted shots per randomization")
    ax.set_ylabel("Probability")
    ax.legend()
    ax.grid(alpha=0.4)
    plt.tight_layout()

def plot_convergence(mit, obs_exact, n_data):
    """Running site-averaged estimate vs. randomizations for both PEC arms (the S5-consistent
    signed-ratio estimator, evaluated on growing prefixes of the sweep)."""

    def running(prefix):
        bits = np.squeeze(
            np.unpackbits(mit[f"data_{prefix}"], axis=-1)[..., :n_data]
            ^ mit[f"flips_{prefix}"]
        )
        mask = np.squeeze(mit[f"mask_{prefix}"])
        signs = 1 - 2 * (np.squeeze(mit[f"signs_{prefix}"]).sum(axis=-1) % 2)
        qv = (1 - 2 * bits.astype(int)) * mit["trex_rescale"]
        u = (
            (signs[:, None, None] * mask[..., None] * qv)
            .sum(axis=1)
            .mean(axis=1)
        )
        v = signs * mask.sum(axis=1)
        Rs = np.arange(500, len(u) + 1, 500)
        est, err = [], []
        for R in Rs:
            e = u[:R].sum() / v[:R].sum()
            est.append(e)
            err.append(
                np.sqrt(((u[:R] - e * v[:R]) ** 2).sum()) / abs(v[:R].sum())
            )
        return Rs, np.array(est), np.array(err)

    _fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(12, 5))
    ideal_avg = float(np.mean(obs_exact))
    ax.axhline(ideal_avg, color="black", label="ideal")
    ax.fill_between(
        [-400, 24000],
        ideal_avg - 0.025,
        ideal_avg + 0.025,
        color="grey",
        alpha=0.22,
        label=r"$\pm 0.025$",
    )
    for prefix, label, color in (
        ("van", "vanilla PEC", "#8a3ffc"),
        ("post", "PEC + error detection", "#da1e28"),
    ):
        Rs, est, err = running(prefix)
        ax.errorbar(
            Rs,
            est,
            yerr=err,
            marker="o",
            linestyle="",
            markerfacecolor="none",
            color=color,
            alpha=0.85,
            capsize=3,
            label=label,
        )
    ax.set_xlim(-400, 24000)
    ax.set_ylim(ideal_avg - 0.08, ideal_avg + 0.08)
    ax.set_xlabel("# randomizations")
    ax.set_ylabel(r"Site-averaged $\langle X \rangle$")
    ax.legend(ncols=2)

def plot_final(
    obs_exact, baseline, ed, pec, post, gammas, tick_labels, title
):
    """Per-site <X> for every method, with an rms-deviation inset.
    baseline/ed/pec/post are (values, errors) pairs; gammas is (gamma, gamma_post)."""
    x = np.arange(len(obs_exact))
    _fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(13, 5))
    h_ideal = ax.errorbar(
        x, obs_exact, fmt="-", capsize=4, label="ideal", color="black"
    )
    h_base = ax.errorbar(
        x,
        baseline[0],
        yerr=baseline[1],
        fmt=".--",
        capsize=4,
        label="baseline",
        color="#0f62fe",
    )
    h_ed = ax.errorbar(
        x,
        ed[0],
        yerr=ed[1],
        fmt="^",
        capsize=4,
        label="error detection",
        color="#009d9a",
        alpha=0.8,
    )
    h_pec = ax.errorbar(
        x,
        pec[0],
        yerr=pec[1],
        fmt="x",
        capsize=4,
        label=f"PEC ($\\gamma$={gammas[0]:.0f})",
        color="#8a3ffc",
        alpha=0.7,
    )
    h_post = ax.errorbar(
        x,
        post[0],
        yerr=post[1],
        fmt="d",
        capsize=4,
        label=f"PEC + error detection ($\\gamma$={gammas[1]:.0f})",
        color="#da1e28",
    )
    ax.set_xticks(x, tick_labels)
    ax.set_xlabel("Observable")
    ax.set_ylabel("Expectation value")
    # Set the y-axis range using the ideal, baseline, error detection, and PEC + error
    # detection curves, including error bars. Exclude PEC-only values when setting the
    # range so large fluctuations do not make the other curves difficult to distinguish.
    # PEC-only values may fall outside the visible range. Leave room above for the inset.
    series = [np.asarray(obs_exact)] + [
        np.asarray(v) + s * np.asarray(e)
        for v, e in (baseline, ed, post)
        for s in (-1, 1)
    ]
    lo, hi = min(a.min() for a in series), max(a.max() for a in series)
    span = max(hi - lo, 0.1)
    ax.set_ylim(lo - 0.1 * span, hi + 1.05 * span)
    # legend ordered to match the curves' vertical positions in the chart
    ax.legend(
        handles=[h_ideal, h_pec, h_post, h_ed, h_base],
        ncols=5,
        loc="lower center",
        bbox_to_anchor=(0.5, 1.02),
        frameon=False,
    )
    ax.set_title(title, pad=44)

    # inset: rows bottom-to-top so it reads top-to-bottom: PEC, PEC+ED, ED, baseline
    axi = ax.inset_axes([0.36, 0.68, 0.28, 0.26])
    methods = [
        ("baseline", baseline[0], "#0f62fe"),
        ("QED", ed[0], "#009d9a"),
        ("PEC+QED", post[0], "#da1e28"),
        ("PEC", pec[0], "#8a3ffc"),
    ]
    for k, (_nm, vals, color) in enumerate(methods):
        axi.barh(
            k,
            np.sqrt(np.mean((vals - np.array(obs_exact)) ** 2)),
            color=color,
            alpha=0.9,
        )
    axi.set_yticks(range(4), [m[0] for m in methods], fontsize=10)
    axi.set_title("RMS deviation from ideal", fontsize=11)
    axi.tick_params(labelsize=10)
    axi.patch.set_alpha(1.0)
    axi.set_zorder(5)

Simulasikan secara klasik $\langle X \rangle_i$ untuk setiap situs dalam model hex-Ising 22-qubit

Pertama, kita menggunakan kelas Qiskit Statevector untuk mensimulasikan nilai target yang tepat untuk eksperimen kita. Meskipun masalah 22-qubit yang kita selesaikan dapat ditangani secara klasik, simulator statevector Qiskit tidak akan skalabel untuk demo yang jauh lebih besar dari ini, dan untuk skala di atas sekitar 50 qubit, kita perlu menggunakan teknik simulasi yang tidak eksak, seperti Pauli propagation. Eksperimen 49-qubit ini memungkinkan kita menyelidiki penggabungan deteksi kesalahan dengan mitigasi kesalahan pada skala yang lebih besar sambil tetap memiliki akses ke nilai ekspektasi ideal.

import warnings

import networkx as nx
import numpy as np
from qiskit.circuit import QuantumCircuit
from qiskit.quantum_info import Pauli, Statevector

# Silence two harmless upstream warnings (a Samplomatic default-change notice and a
# numpy datetime timezone notice from the noise-learning circuit generator)
warnings.filterwarnings(
    "ignore", message="The default of the 'inject_noise_site'"
)
warnings.filterwarnings(
    "ignore", message="no explicit representation of timezones"
)

# Hexagonal lattice
data_graph = nx.convert_node_labels_to_integers(
    nx.hexagonal_lattice_graph(2, 3)
)

# Number of Trotter steps and rotation angles
depth = 4
zz_coeff = -np.pi / 4
x_coeff = 3 * np.pi / 8
n_data = data_graph.order()
n_checks = data_graph.size()
n_qubits = n_data + n_checks

qc_data = QuantumCircuit(n_data)
qc_data.h(range(n_data))
for _ in range(depth):
    for edge in data_graph.edges:
        qc_data.rzz(zz_coeff, *edge)
    qc_data.rx(x_coeff, range(n_data))
psi_exact = Statevector(qc_data)

# X on site i = qubit i
observables = ["I" * (n_data - 1 - i) + "X" + "I" * i for i in range(n_data)]
obs_exact = [psi_exact.expectation_value(Pauli(o)).real for o in observables]

plot_exact(
    obs_exact,
    x_labels(range(n_data), n_data),
    f"Statevector simulation, {n_data} qubit hex-Ising, {depth} Trotter steps",
)

Implementasikan model hex-Ising pendeteksi-kesalahan 49-qubit dengan circuit kuantum dan transpilasi ke backend QPU

Circuit ini mensimulasikan 4 langkah Trotter dari Hamiltonian Ising medan-transversal 22-qubit pada kisi heksagonal. 22 qubit data disematkan dalam subgraf heavy-hex 49-qubit dari QPU Heron r3, ibm_boston. 27 qubit ancilla digunakan untuk dua tujuan: memediasi entanglement antara qubit Ising dan mendeteksi kesalahan logis selama eksekusi circuit. Lapisan entangling circuit diimplementasikan sedemikian rupa sehingga qubit mediator kembali ke keadaan dasar $|0\rangle$ sebelum pengukuran terminalnya. Satu atau lebih qubit mediator yang mengukur $|1\rangle$ menunjukkan bahwa sampel tersebut rusak akibat kesalahan logis. Membuang sampel-sampel ini dapat meningkatkan fidelitas distribusi yang disampel.

Dalam graf di bawah, qubit hijau merepresentasikan 22 qubit Ising, dan qubit oranye merepresentasikan 27 qubit mediator.

from qiskit.circuit import ClassicalRegister
from qiskit.transpiler import generate_preset_pass_manager
from qiskit_ibm_runtime import QiskitRuntimeService

backend_name = "ibm_boston"

def generate_ed_ising(graph, depth, zz_coeff, x_coeff):
    """Build the mediated error-detecting Ising circuit for data-qubit `graph`; returns (circuit, CZ layers, hardware graph)."""
    hw_graph = nx.Graph()
    for i, (a, b) in enumerate(graph.edges()):
        hw_graph.add_edges_from(
            [(a, i + graph.order()), (b, i + graph.order())]
        )
    coloring = nx.coloring.greedy_color(
        nx.line_graph(hw_graph), strategy="DSATUR"
    )
    layers_coupling = [
        [e for e, c in coloring.items() if c == i]
        for i in set(coloring.values())
    ]
    circuit = QuantumCircuit(hw_graph.order())
    circuit.h(range(hw_graph.order()))
    for _ in range(depth):
        for angle, qubits in (
            (zz_coeff, range(graph.order(), hw_graph.order())),
            (x_coeff, range(graph.order())),
        ):
            circuit.barrier()
            for layer in layers_coupling:
                for edge in layer:
                    circuit.cz(*edge)
            circuit.barrier()
            circuit.rx(angle, qubits)
    circuit.barrier()
    circuit.h(range(graph.order(), hw_graph.order()))
    return circuit, layers_coupling, hw_graph

service = QiskitRuntimeService()
backend = service.backend(backend_name)

circuit, layers_coupling, hw_graph = generate_ed_ising(
    data_graph, depth, zz_coeff, x_coeff
)

circ_meas = circuit.copy()
data_reg, check_reg = (
    ClassicalRegister(n_data, "data"),
    ClassicalRegister(n_checks, "check"),
)
circ_meas.add_register(data_reg, check_reg)
circ_meas.barrier()
circ_meas.measure(range(n_data), data_reg)
circ_meas.measure(range(n_data, n_qubits), check_reg)

# Physical qubits hosting the 22 Ising sites on ibm_boston, one heavy-hex row per lattice chain;
# the mediator for each edge is the physical qubit sitting between its two data qubits
data_layout = [
    *[95, 93, 91, 89, 87],
    *[115, 113, 111, 109, 107, 105],
    *[135, 133, 131, 129, 127, 125],
    *[155, 153, 151, 149, 147],
]
coupling_graph = nx.Graph(list(backend.coupling_map.get_edges()))
layout = data_layout + [
    next(
        iter(
            nx.common_neighbors(
                coupling_graph, data_layout[a], data_layout[b]
            )
        )
    )
    for a, b in data_graph.edges()
]

circ_trans = generate_preset_pass_manager(
    backend=backend, optimization_level=1, initial_layout=layout
).run(circ_meas)

plot_layout(backend, layout, n_data)

Tentukan lapisan entangling dalam circuit dengan samplomatic.

Pass Samplomatic generate_boxing_pass_manager mengelompokkan lapisan entangling circuit menjadi box beranotasi untuk Pauli twirling dan injeksi noise PEC. Circuit template dan samplex yang dihasilkan (distribusi parametrik atas circuit template yang menentukan twirl dan injeksi noise-nya) digunakan untuk mendefinisikan dan menjalankan semua eksperimen QPU pembelajaran noise dan sampling. Box pengukuran juga membawa anotasi ChangeBasis, sehingga rotasi yang mengukur qubit data dalam basis X diberikan ke samplex sebagai input pada saat sampling, bukan ditanamkan secara tetap ke dalam circuit.

Di bawah ini, pass boxing yang sama diterapkan pada versi kecil dari circuit Ising pendeteksi-kesalahan sehingga kita dapat memvisualisasikan struktur circuit yang telah di-box.

from samplomatic.builders import build
from samplomatic.transpiler import generate_boxing_pass_manager
from samplomatic.utils import find_unique_box_instructions

boxed = generate_boxing_pass_manager(
    enable_gates=True,
    enable_measures=True,
    inject_noise_targets="gates",
    inject_noise_strategy="individual_modification",
    inject_noise_site="after",
    twirling_strategy="active_circuit",
    measure_annotations="all",
).run(circ_trans)
template, samplex = build(boxed)
unique_instructions = find_unique_box_instructions(
    boxed, normalize_annotations=None, undress_boxes=True
)

# Measure X on the data qubits and Z on the mediators
basis_key = next(
    s.name
    for s in samplex.inputs().get_specs()
    if s.name.startswith("basis_changes.")
)
meas_basis = np.array(
    [2 if q in set(layout[:n_data]) else 1 for q in sorted(layout)],
    dtype=np.uint8,
)

draw_toy_circuit(generate_ed_ising, zz_coeff, x_coeff, include_checks=False)

Tambahkan pemeriksaan kesalahan non-Markovian ke circuit

Selanjutnya, kita menambahkan pemeriksaan kesalahan non-Markovian ke Circuit untuk melindungi terhadap noise yang tidak dimodelkan dalam protokol pembelajaran kita. Pemeriksaan ini bekerja dengan mengimplementasikan bit-flip pulsa panjang dan memastikan qubit berpindah dengan benar dari satu keadaan klasik ke keadaan lainnya. Jika kedua qubit pada suatu edge gagal dalam pemeriksaan, sampel tersebut dibuang. Pemeriksaan kesalahan non-Markovian dapat digunakan di awal atau akhir Circuit (atau keduanya); di sini kita hanya menggunakannya di akhir. Kita juga menempatkan pemeriksaan pada qubit "spectator" yang tidak digunakan yang berdekatan dengan Circuit, memberikan cakupan lebih terhadap noise yang dirancang untuk dideteksi oleh pemeriksaan ini.

Ingat, mirip dengan pemeriksaan simetri, ini juga merupakan bentuk postseleksi, jadi kita perlu memastikan kita memperhitungkan penurunan tingkat postseleksi saat menggabungkan teknik-teknik ini. Secara konkret, jika $P(\text{kesalahan non-Markovian}) = \alpha$ dan $P(\text{kesalahan simetri}) = \beta$, maka Anda memerlukan sekitar $\frac{1}{(1-\alpha)(1-\beta)}$ sampel berisik untuk memulihkan satu sampel logis.

from qiskit.transpiler import PassManager
from qiskit_mitigation.postselection import PostSelector
from qiskit_mitigation.postselection.passes import (
    AddPostCircuitNonMarkovianErrorChecks,
    AddSpectatorPostCircuitNonMarkovianErrorChecks,
)

add_checks = PassManager(
    [
        AddPostCircuitNonMarkovianErrorChecks(x_pulse_type="xslow"),
        AddSpectatorPostCircuitNonMarkovianErrorChecks(
            backend.coupling_map, x_pulse_type="xslow"
        ),
    ]
)
template_checked = add_checks.run(template)
selector = PostSelector.from_circuit(template_checked, backend.coupling_map)

draw_toy_circuit(generate_ed_ising, zz_coeff, x_coeff, include_checks=True)

Pelajari noise gate dan readout untuk circuit checked-Ising 49-qubit

Untuk memitigasi noise, kita harus memodelkan bagaimana noise memengaruhi gate entangling kita. Di sini kita mempelajari model noise Pauli-Lindblad untuk masing-masing dari tiga lapisan entangling unik circuit menggunakan qiskit-noise-learning. Nantinya, kita akan memangkas model noise ini dari generator kesalahan yang dapat dideteksi oleh pemeriksaan simetri dan hanya memitigasi kanal noise yang tersisa dengan PEC. Peta di bawah menunjukkan tiga lapisan yang dipelajari pada QPU; setiap qubit adalah roda dari laju bobot-1 X/Y/Z-nya, dan setiap coupler adalah grid 3×3 dari laju Pauli bobot-2 pada pasangan tersebut. Nilai $\gamma$ sebesar $10$ menyiratkan overhead sampling sebesar $\gamma^2=10^2=100$.

Koreksi readout (TREX) berasal langsung dari jalur SPAM dari fit pembelajaran noise. Plot stem di bawah peta noise QPU menunjukkan faktor rescale TREX per-observable.

from qiskit.quantum_info import PauliLindbladMap, QubitSparsePauli
from qiskit_ibm_runtime import Executor, Session
from qiskit_ibm_runtime.quantum_program import QuantumProgram
from qiskit_mitigation.trex import TREX
from qiskit_noise_learning.analysis import (
    ComputeObservables,
    CurveFitObservables,
    FlipPostSelect,
    LeastSquaresSolve,
)
from qiskit_noise_learning.circuit_generator import ExecutorCircuitGenerator
from qiskit_noise_learning.experiment_builder import (
    BindFragmentDepths,
    CompleteSequences,
    EvenDepthVanillaPaths,
    Experiment,
    GenerateInstructionSequences,
    IdentifyRelations,
    MergeInstructionSequences,
    SPAMPaths,
    VanillaInstructionSequences,
)
from qiskit_noise_learning.gate_sets import QiskitGateSet
from qiskit_noise_learning.models import PauliLindbladModel
from qiskit_noise_learning.models.utils import split_pauli_lindblad_model
from samplomatic.annotations import InjectNoise
from samplomatic.utils import get_annotation

gate_set = QiskitGateSet(
    target=backend.target,
    qubit_subset=sorted(
        {
            boxed.find_bit(q).index
            for i in unique_instructions
            for q in i.qubits
        }
    ),
)
ref_to_qubits = {}
for inst in unique_instructions:
    if ann := get_annotation(inst.operation, InjectNoise):
        gate_set.add_box_as_gate(inst, name=ann.ref)
        ref_to_qubits[ann.ref] = sorted(
            boxed.find_bit(q).index for q in inst.qubits
        )

fidelity_model = PauliLindbladModel.k_local(
    gate_set, gate_k={**{r: 2 for r in ref_to_qubits}, "M": 1, "P": 1}
)
experiment = (
    EvenDepthVanillaPaths()
    + VanillaInstructionSequences()
    + IdentifyRelations()
    + SPAMPaths()
    + GenerateInstructionSequences()
    + MergeInstructionSequences()
    + CompleteSequences()
    + BindFragmentDepths([2, 4, 8, 12])
).run(Experiment(fidelity_model=fidelity_model, shots=384, randomizations=64))

circuit_generator = ExecutorCircuitGenerator(
    gate_set, pass_manager=add_checks
)
program_learn, data_mapper = circuit_generator.generate(experiment)

session = Session(backend)
executor_options = {"environment": {"job_tags": ["TUT_PECLNM"]}}
fit = circuit_generator.collect(
    Executor(session, options=executor_options).run(program_learn).result(),
    data_mapper,
)
fit = (
    FlipPostSelect()
    + ComputeObservables()
    + CurveFitObservables()
    + LeastSquaresSolve()
).run(fit)
print(
    "learning shots removed by checks:",
    f"{float(fit.raw_data.datatree['0']['data_mask'].mean()):.4f}",
)

# TREX factors from the fit's SPAM paths: the fit only identifies the product of
# state-prep and measurement error, so hand TREX the composition of the two maps
spam = fidelity_model.to_pauli_lindblad_maps(
    fit.model_data, include_spam=True
)
spam_map = spam["P"].compose(spam["M"])
z_terms = [
    QubitSparsePauli(("Z", [layout[i]]), num_qubits=backend.num_qubits)
    for i in range(n_data)
]
trex_rescale = np.array(
    [TREX.calculate_trex_factor(spam_map, z) for z in z_terms]
)

# learned maps come back in backend qubit indexing; samplex wants box-local order
plm = split_pauli_lindblad_model(fit.model).model
noise_maps = {}
for ref, m in plm.to_pauli_lindblad_maps(fit.model_data).items():
    box = ref_to_qubits[ref]
    noise_maps[ref] = PauliLindbladMap.from_sparse_list(
        [
            (p, tuple(box.index(q) for q in qs), r)
            for p, qs, r in m.to_sparse_list()
        ],
        num_qubits=len(box),
    )
# Full-PEC cost: each learned layer acts twice per Trotter step (compute + uncompute)
gamma = float(
    np.exp(2 * depth * sum(2 * sum(m.rates) for m in noise_maps.values()))
)

# Collect the learned model in the form the figure helpers expect
mit = dict(
    **{
        f"rates_{i}": np.asarray(m.rates)
        for i, m in enumerate(noise_maps.values())
    },
    **{
        f"label_paulis_{i}": np.array([p for p, _, _ in m.to_sparse_list()])
        for i, m in enumerate(noise_maps.values())
    },
    **{
        f"label_qubits_{i}": np.array(
            [
                list(qs) + [-1] * (2 - len(qs))
                for _, qs, _ in m.to_sparse_list()
            ]
        )
        for i, m in enumerate(noise_maps.values())
    },
    layout=np.array(layout),
    trex_rescale=trex_rescale,
    gammas=np.array([gamma, np.nan]),
)
draw_noise_map(mit, backend)
plot_trex(mit["trex_rescale"], x_labels(layout, n_data))

learning shots removed by checks: 0.2393

Pangkas model noise dari suku-suku yang terdeteksi oleh pemeriksaan simetri

Setiap pemeriksaan simetri mampu mendeteksi sebagian generator kesalahan dalam model noise, yang berarti Anda tidak perlu memitigasi kesalahan tersebut. Di sini kita membuat mask atas generator noise yang dapat dideteksi menggunakan fungsi create_postselected_noise_mask dari qiskit_mitigation. Mask ini akan digunakan untuk memangkas model noise dari suku-suku yang dapat dideteksi sebelum melakukan PEC. Melakukan PEC terhadap model noise yang telah dipangkas dapat menghasilkan nilai ekspektasi yang konvergen dengan sebagian kecil biaya sampling yang diperlukan untuk melakukan PEC pada model noise penuh, seperti yang diilustrasikan pada peta model noise di atas.

Peta di bawah digambar dengan skala warna yang sama seperti model yang dipelajari di atas, hanya menyisakan generator kesalahan yang tidak dapat dideteksi oleh pemeriksaan. Kita melihat bahwa sejumlah besar generator kesalahan telah dihapus dari model, dan overhead sampling telah menurun secara signifikan. Overhead sampling untuk menjalankan PEC pada model noise yang telah dipangkas adalah $\gamma^2=2.5^2\approx6.3$, kira-kira pengurangan 16x dari overhead yang diperlukan untuk memitigasi kanal noise penuh.

from qiskit.quantum_info import Pauli
from qiskit_mitigation.noise import create_postselected_noise_mask

SHOTS_PER_RAND = 64  # shots per PEC randomization
N_RAND = 23_054  # PEC randomizations per experiment
MAX_PAIR_RATE = 0.02  # Max value of any coupler's summed two-qubit error rate

# The detectors are virtual Pauli-Z's representing the measurements on the mediator qubits
# We can find the set of detectable noise generators in the model for each detector by conjugating
# it backward through the circuit and calculating what generators it anti-commutes with.
detectors = [
    Pauli("I" * (boxed.num_qubits - 1 - q) + "Z" + "I" * q)
    for q in layout[n_data:]
]
# Detectable generators are handled by postselection; prune them from the model for PEC
local_scales, gamma2_post = create_postselected_noise_mask(
    boxed, noise_maps, detectors
)
gamma_post = gamma2_post**0.5
print(f"gamma PEC {gamma:.2f} | gamma QED+PEC {gamma_post:.2f}")

# Kill the job if any coupler's summed rate exceeds MAX_PAIR_RATE
pair_lam = {}
for m in noise_maps.values():
    for _, qs, r in m.to_sparse_list():
        if len(qs) == 2:
            pair_lam[tuple(sorted(qs))] = (
                pair_lam.get(tuple(sorted(qs)), 0.0) + r
            )
assert (
    max(pair_lam.values()) < MAX_PAIR_RATE
), f"kill: degraded coupler {max(pair_lam, key=pair_lam.get)}"

# Detectability depends on circuit position, so record each site's 0/1 scales by layer
site_ref = {
    a.modifier_ref: a.ref
    for inst in boxed.data
    if inst.operation.name == "box"
    and (a := get_annotation(inst.operation, InjectNoise))
    and a.ref
}
sites = sorted(local_scales, key=lambda s: int(s[1:]))
mit["site_scales"] = np.stack([local_scales[s] for s in sites])
mit["site_layer"] = np.array(
    [list(noise_maps).index(site_ref[s]) for s in sites]
)
mit["gammas"] = np.array([gamma, gamma_post])
draw_noise_map(mit, backend, reduced=True)

gamma PEC 10.08 | gamma QED+PEC 2.52

Sampel circuit pendeteksi-kesalahan

Di sini kita mengambil sampel circuit Ising pendeteksi-kesalahan 49-qubit. Kita mengaktifkan Pauli twirling dan pemeriksaan kesalahan non-Markovian, tetapi kita tidak melakukan sampling PEC. Kita akan menggunakan sampel ini untuk menghitung nilai ekspektasi baseline serta nilai ekspektasi khusus deteksi-kesalahan.

# Baseline = the ED+PEC template itself at noise scale 0, i.e. twirling only
program_tw = QuantumProgram(shots=100)
program_tw.append_samplex_item(
    template_checked,
    samplex=samplex,
    shape=(1000, 1),
    samplex_arguments={
        "pauli_lindblad_maps": dict(noise_maps),
        basis_key: meas_basis,
        **{f"noise_scales.{k}": 0.0 for k in local_scales},
    },
)
job_tw = Executor(session, options=executor_options).run(program_tw)

Sampel circuit pendeteksi-kesalahan dengan PEC

Sekarang kita mengambil sampel lagi dan menyertakan randomisasi PEC untuk memitigasi noise yang tidak dapat dideteksi oleh pemeriksaan simetri. Sampel-sampel ini akan digunakan untuk menghitung nilai ekspektasi dengan menggunakan deteksi kesalahan yang dikombinasikan dengan PEC. Di bawah ini kita memplot shot yang diterima per randomisasi PEC terhadap binomial pada tingkat penerimaan rata-rata. Kita melihat bahwa penerimaan tidak berkorelasi dengan instance circuit yang disampel karena QED+PEC hanya menyuntikkan Pauli yang tidak dapat dideteksi, yang komut dengan pengukuran setiap qubit mediator.

def launch(session, template, samplex, samplex_args, n_rand, shots_per_rand):
    """Sample `n_rand` randomizations of `template` on `session` in <=100k-randomization jobs; returns the jobs."""
    jobs = []
    for start in range(0, n_rand, 100_000):
        program = QuantumProgram(shots=shots_per_rand)
        program.append_samplex_item(
            template,
            samplex=samplex,
            samplex_arguments=samplex_args,
            shape=(min(100_000, n_rand - start), 1),
        )
        jobs.append(Executor(session, options=executor_options).run(program))
    return jobs

# Reduced PEC
args_post = {
    "pauli_lindblad_maps": dict(noise_maps),
    basis_key: meas_basis,
    **{f"noise_scales.{k}": -1.0 for k in local_scales},
    **{f"local_scales.{k}": v for k, v in local_scales.items()},
}
# PEC on the full noise model
args_van = {
    "pauli_lindblad_maps": dict(noise_maps),
    basis_key: meas_basis,
    **{f"noise_scales.{k}": -1.0 for k in local_scales},
}

# Run sampling jobs
jobs = launch(
    session, template_checked, samplex, args_post, N_RAND, SHOTS_PER_RAND
)
jobs_van = launch(
    session, template_checked, samplex, args_van, N_RAND, SHOTS_PER_RAND
)
outs = [j.result()[0] for j in jobs]
outs_van = [j.result()[0] for j in jobs_van]
(out_tw,) = job_tw.result()
session.close()

Kumpulkan sampel dan verifikasi bahwa randomisasi PEC komut dengan pengukuran pada qubit mediator dan tidak memengaruhi statistik postseleksi.

def bitflip_mask(out, selector):
    """Per-shot True/False for job result `out`: shot passes `selector`'s non-Markovian error checks."""
    regs = {
        k: np.asarray(out[k])
        for k in out
        if not k.startswith(("measurement_flips", "pauli_signs"))
    }
    return selector.compute_mask(regs, "edge", mode="post")

def symmetry_mask(out):
    """Per-shot True/False for job result `out`: every twirl-corrected symmetry check reads 0."""
    return ~(
        np.asarray(out["check"]) ^ np.asarray(out["measurement_flips.check"])
    ).any(axis=-1)

def keep_mask(out, selector):
    """Per-shot True/False for job result `out`: shot passes both check types."""
    return symmetry_mask(out) & bitflip_mask(out, selector)

def fracs(out_list, selector):
    """Fractions of shots across the job results in `out_list` passing [no, non-Markovian error, symmetry, both] checks."""
    bf = np.concatenate([bitflip_mask(o, selector) for o in out_list])
    sy = np.concatenate([symmetry_mask(o) for o in out_list])
    return [1.0, bf.mean(), sy.mean(), (bf & sy).mean()]

mask_post = np.concatenate([keep_mask(o, selector) for o in outs])

# Collect the sampled data alongside the learned model, in the form the figure helpers expect
mit.update(
    ps_fracs=np.array(
        [
            fracs([out_tw], selector),
            fracs(outs_van, selector),
            fracs(outs, selector),
        ]
    ),
    acc_counts_post=np.squeeze(mask_post).sum(axis=-1),
    data_tw=np.asarray(out_tw["data"]),
    flips_tw=np.asarray(out_tw["measurement_flips.data"]),
    mask_tw=keep_mask(out_tw, selector),
    data_post=np.packbits(
        np.concatenate([np.asarray(o["data"]) for o in outs]), axis=-1
    ),
    flips_post=np.concatenate(
        [np.asarray(o["measurement_flips.data"]) for o in outs]
    ),
    signs_post=np.concatenate([np.asarray(o["pauli_signs"]) for o in outs]),
    mask_post=mask_post,
    data_van=np.packbits(
        np.concatenate([np.asarray(o["data"]) for o in outs_van]), axis=-1
    ),
    flips_van=np.concatenate(
        [np.asarray(o["measurement_flips.data"]) for o in outs_van]
    ),
    signs_van=np.concatenate(
        [np.asarray(o["pauli_signs"]) for o in outs_van]
    ),
    mask_van=np.concatenate([bitflip_mask(o, selector) for o in outs_van]),
)

# Plot the PEC bias check
plot_postselection(mit)

Hitung nilai ekspektasi dan bandingkan strategi

Terakhir, kita menghitung semua nilai ekspektasi dengan fungsi helper executor_expectation_values dari qiskit-mitigation, yang menerapkan flip pengukuran, mask postseleksi, faktor rescale TREX, dan tanda kuasi-probabilitas untuk kita.

Grafik atas: Kita melihat bahwa kedua varian PEC konvergen, tetapi QED+PEC mencapai band $\pm 0.025$ dengan lebih sedikit randomisasi dan error bar yang lebih sempit. Bias residual dalam perhitungan QED+PEC berada di bawah 0.01 dan dapat dikaitkan dengan kombinasi ketidaksesuaian model noise, drift qubit dari waktu ke waktu, dan efek dari sumber noise yang tidak dimodelkan.

Grafik bawah: Estimasi berjalan dari $\langle X \rangle$ rata-rata per situs saat randomisasi terakumulasi menggunakan shot yang identik per randomisasi untuk kedua varian PEC. PEC + deteksi kesalahan menetap dalam band dalam beberapa ribu randomisasi; PEC-saja, dengan membayar overhead sampling penuh, memerlukan jauh lebih banyak randomisasi untuk konvergen.

from qiskit.quantum_info import SparsePauliOp
from qiskit_mitigation.utils import executor_expectation_values

gamma, gamma_post = mit["gammas"]
basis_map = {Pauli("X" * n_data): [SparsePauliOp(o) for o in observables]}
rescale = dict(zip(observables, mit["trex_rescale"], strict=True))

def evs(bits, basis_map, **kwargs):
    """Per-site (means, standard errors) from boolean shot data `bits` of shape (rands, 1, shots, n_data)."""
    out = executor_expectation_values(
        bits, basis_map, None, avg_axis=(0, 1), **kwargs
    )
    return np.array([m for m, _ in out]).ravel(), np.sqrt(
        [v for _, v in out]
    ).ravel()

def unpack(mit, prefix, n_data):
    """Restore `mit[f"data_\{prefix\}"]` from packed bytes to booleans of shape (rands, 1, shots, n_data)."""
    return np.unpackbits(mit[f"data_{prefix}"], axis=-1)[..., :n_data].astype(
        bool
    )

unmit_tw, unmit_tw_err = evs(
    mit["data_tw"], basis_map, measurement_flips=mit["flips_tw"]
)
ed_tw, ed_tw_err = evs(
    mit["data_tw"],
    basis_map,
    measurement_flips=mit["flips_tw"],
    postselect_mask=mit["mask_tw"],
    rescale_factors=rescale,
)
post, post_err = evs(
    unpack(mit, "post", n_data),
    basis_map,
    measurement_flips=mit["flips_post"],
    pauli_signs=mit["signs_post"],
    postselect_mask=mit["mask_post"],
    rescale_factors=rescale,
)
pec, pec_err = evs(
    unpack(mit, "van", n_data),
    basis_map,
    measurement_flips=mit["flips_van"],
    pauli_signs=mit["signs_van"],
    postselect_mask=mit["mask_van"],
    rescale_factors=rescale,
)

# effective ED+PEC overhead measured from the data: accepted shots per signed accepted shot
signs_post = 1 - 2 * (np.squeeze(mit["signs_post"]).sum(axis=-1) % 2)
gamma_eff = (
    mit["mask_post"].sum()
    / (signs_post * np.squeeze(mit["mask_post"]).sum(axis=-1)).sum()
)

print(
    f"gamma PEC {gamma:.2f} | gamma QED+PEC {gamma_post:.2f} (model) / {gamma_eff:.2f} (data) | "
    f"QED survival {mit['mask_tw'].mean():.3f} | QED+PEC survival {mit['mask_post'].mean():.3f} | "
    f"mean QED+PEC err {post_err.mean():.4f}"
)
plot_final(
    obs_exact,
    (unmit_tw, unmit_tw_err),
    (ed_tw, ed_tw_err),
    (pec, pec_err),
    (post, post_err),
    (gamma, gamma_post),
    x_labels(layout, n_data),
    "",
)

gamma PEC 10.08 | gamma QED+PEC 2.52 (model) / 2.51 (data) | QED survival 0.304 | QED+PEC survival 0.305 | mean QED+PEC err 0.0037

plot_convergence(mit, obs_exact, n_data)